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Different strategy to lead in 5G technology development. Consumers are to be able to download a full-length, high-definition movie on their mobile device. Has developed a comprehensive strategy to free spectrum for 5G. Join for free. Download full-text PDF. And also since the massive MIMO expected to be a promising key 5G wireless technology, we aim in this paper to consider the problem.
5G: Is all the hype deserved? We may have hit peak 5G hype before 5G is actually available. But is 5G really a game changer?The most important promise made by the proprietors of 5G wireless technology - the telecommunications service providers, the transmission equipment makers, the antenna manufacturers, and even the server manufacturers - is this: Once all of 5G's components are fully deployed and operational, you will not need any kind of wire or cable to deliver communications or even entertainment service to your mobile device, to any of your fixed devices (HDTV, security system, smart appliances), or to your automobile. If everything works, 5G would be the optimum solution to the classic 'last mile' problem: Delivering complete digital connectivity from the tip of the carrier network to the customer, without drilling another hole through the wall.Also:Overlooked by London's skyscrapers EE's 5G mobile trial kicks off.Image: EE. See also.The 'if' in that previous sentence remains colossal. The whole point of 'Gs' in wireless standards, originally, was to emphasize the ease of transition between one wireless system of delivery and a newer one - or at least make that transition seem reasonably pain-free.
(Not that any transition has ever been a trip to the fair.) 5G entails a set of simultaneous revolutions, all of which would have to go off without a hitch. Or at least without any further hitches:. Converged service could lead to unified carriers. In much of the continental US, a consumer's broadband internet provider also has been her cable TV provider. And that relationship is protected by municipally-regulated monopolies. 5G wireless aims to level the playing field here, placing AT&T, Verizon, and a combined T-Mobile/Sprint in competition against Comcast and Charter Communications, both for broadband internet and 'cable' television.
This book focuses on key simulation and evaluation technologies for 5G systems. Yang Yang, Jing Xu, Guang Shi, Cheng-Xiang Wang.
Small cell infrastructure could remake landscapes. To reduce costs for 5G operators, 5G allows for smaller transmitters that consume lower power, but that cover much smaller service areas than typical 4G towers. A carrier will need more of them - than are currently deployed, though conceivably better integrated with the landscape. The expectation is that a 5G small cell could become as common a feature in urban areas as lampposts and graffiti. The global technology economy could be reconstructed. Suddenly Scandinavia, home of Finland's Nokia and Sweden's Ericsson, becomes a world power center for telecommunications.
And China, whose state-owned China Mobile and state-supported Huawei are jointly responsible for catalyzing 5G architecture, now has one of the most valuable bargaining chips for superpower status it has ever had.Also: ( ZDNet special report) (TechRepublic)Once complete, the 5G transition plan would constitute an overhaul of communications infrastructure unlike any other in history. Imagine if, at the close of the 19th century, the telegraph industry had come together in a joint decision to implement a staged transition to fax. That's essentially the scale of the shift from 4G to 5G. The real reason for this shift is not so much to get faster as to make the wireless industry sustainable over the long term, as faster than the industry experts predicted.Equipment staged by NTT DOCOMO for 5G urban area trials in Japan.(Image: Ericsson)5G wireless use cases. The revolution, like all others, will be subsidized. The initial costs of these 5G infrastructure improvements may be tremendous, and consumers have already demonstrated their intolerance for rate hikes. So to recover those costs, telcos will need to offer new classes of service to new customer segments, for which 5G has made provisions.
Customers have to believe 5G wireless is capable of accomplishing feats that were impossible for 4G. Driverless automobiles. For a world in danger of spiraling downwards towards, you might think the goal of eliminating drivers from moving vehicles would be somewhat lower on the list. But the autonomous vehicle (AV) use case does expose one of the critical necessities of modern wireless infrastructure: It needs to connect people in motion with the computers they may be relying upon to save lives, with near-zero latency.The bandwidth required for a VR applicationQualcomm. 5G.
Virtual reality (VR) and augmented reality (AR). For a cloud-based server to provide a believable, real-time sensory environment to a wireless user, as mobile processor maker Qualcomm asserted in a recent presentation, the connection between that server and its user may need to supply as much as 5 gigabits per second of bandwidth. In addition, the compute-intensive nature of an AR workload may actually mandate that such workloads be directed to servers stationed closer to their users, in systems that are relatively unencumbered by similar workloads being processed for other users. In other words, AR and VR may be better suited to small cell deployments anyway. Cloud computing. The internet is not just the conduit for content, but the facilitator of connectivity in wide-area networks (WAN).
5G wireless offers the potential for distributing cloud computing services much closer to users than most of Amazon's, Google's, or Microsoft's hyperscale data centers. In so doing, 5G could make telcos into competitors with these cloud providers, particularly for high-intensity, critical workloads. This is the edge computing scenario you may have heard about: Bringing processing power forward, closer to the customer, minimizing latencies caused by distance. If latencies can be eliminated just enough, applications that currently require PCs could be relocated to smaller devices - perhaps even mobile devices that, unto themselves, have less processing power than the average smartphone.
internet of Things. In a household with low-latency 5G connectivity, today's so-called 'smart devices' that are essentially smartphone-class computers could be replaced with dumb terminals that get their instructions from nearby edge computing systems. Kitchen appliances, climate control systems, and more importantly, health monitors can all be made easier to produce and easier to control. The role played today by IoT hubs, which some manufacturers are producing today to cooperate alongside Wi-Fi routers, may in the future be played by 5G transmitters in the neighborhood, acting as service hubs for all the households in their coverage areas. In addition, machine-to-machine communications (M2M) enables scenarios where devices such as manufacturing robots can coordinate with one another for construction, assembly, and other tasks, under the collective guidance of an M2M hub at the 5G base station. Healthcare. The availability of low-latency connectivity in rural areas would revolutionize critical care treatment for individuals nationwide.
No longer would patients in small towns be forced to upend their lives and relocate to bigger cities, away from the livelihoods they know and love, just to receive the level of care to which they should be entitled. As recent trials in Mississippi are proving, connectivity at 5G levels enables caregivers in rural and remote areas to receive real-time instruction and support from the finest surgeons in the world, wherever they may be located.To make the transition feasible in homes and businesses, telcos are looking to move customers into a 5G business track now, even before most true 5G services exist yet. More to the point, that can more easily be upgraded to 5G, once those 5G services do become available. 'It's not only going to be we humans that are going to be consuming services,' remarked Nick Cadwgan, director of IP mobile networking, speaking with ZDNet. 'There's going to be an awful lot of software consuming services.
If you look at this whole thing about mMTC, in the past it's been primarily the human either talking to a human or, when we have the internet, the human requesting services and experiences from software. Moving forward, we are going to have software as the requester, and that software is going to be talking to software. So the whole dynamic of what services we're going to have to deliver through our networks, is going to change.'
Must read.What is 5G really?If we're being honest (now is always a good time to start), it's incorrect to say that 5G is the fifth generation of global wireless technology. Depending upon whom you ask, and the context of the question, there are really either four or seven generations, and only three sets of global standards.There was never really an official '1G.' There were several attempts at standards for digital wireless cellular transmission, none of which became global. The term '2G' is credited to Finnish engineers to characterize the technological leap forward that their GSM standard represented. However, much of the rest of the world used CDMA instead, which was also '2G.' So there was never a single, uncontested 2G.The global standards community came together with 3G and their 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP).
It was with the advent of 3G that the world started counting at the same digit. But even for 4G, there were competing standards, and two major groups of practitioners -vying for global supremacy.
The 5G effort has, so far, been successful at keeping the engineers together around the same table, contributing towards a single set of goals. 5G will be popularized via telecom carriers and the marketing of wire-cutting services, but the biggest impact and returns will come from connecting the Internet of things, edge computing and analytics infrastructure with minimal latency.' The first generation of mobile systems that were launched around 1991 - popularly known as 2G/GSM - was really focused on massive mobile device communication,' explained Sree Koratala, head of technology and strategy for 5G wireless in North America for communications equipment provider Ericsson, speaking with ZDNet. 'Then the next generation of mobile networks, 3G, launched starting in 1998, enabled mobile broadband, feature phones, and browsing. When 4G networks were launched in 2008, smartphones popularized video consumption, and data traffic on mobile networks really exploded.' All these networks primarily catered towards consumers,' Koratala continued. 'Now when you look at this next generation of mobile networks, 5G, it is very unlike the previous generation of network.
It's truly an inflection point from the consumer to the industry.' Who decides what and where 5G can be5G wireless is specified by 3GPP as 'Release 15' and 'Release 16,' and recently, has begun a track for 'Release 17.' 3GPP is an organization consisting of essentially all the world's telecommunications standards bodies who agreed to share the definition of 3G Wireless, and to move on from there to next-generation networks. Today, 3GPP specifies which technologies constitute 5G wireless and, by exclusion, which do not.The 5G wireless standard aims to be global - which is the hard part, because each participating country (e.g., China, Russia, South Korea) or amalgamated body of countries (e.g., the EU, the UN) will maintain its own definition of 5G networks, its own concepts of 5G speed, and its own regulations for where 5G transmissions may take place.
In November 2018, the US Federal Communications Commission began an auction for exclusive segments of spectrum in the 28 GHz band, soon to be followed by bids in the 24 GHz band, for exclusive use by the winning bidders. Why 5G could be the last standard we ever need.In May 2017, AT&T President of Technology Operations for cell tower rental, operation, and maintenance 'unsustainable.'
Some months earlier, a J. Morgan analyst characterized the then-business model for wireless providers in Southeast Asia as unsustainable, warning that the then-current system has rendered it impossible for carriers to keep up with customer demand.
And as asserted in a January 2018 report, the growth path for Japan's existing wireless infrastructure is becoming 'unsustainable,' rendering 5G for that country 'a necessity.' One senses a theme.The world's telcos need a different, far less constrained, business model than what 4G has left them with. The only way they can accomplish this is with an infrastructure that generates radically lower costs than the current scenario, particularly for maintaining, and mainly cooling, their base station equipment.Read also:Cooling and the costs associated with facilitating and managing cooling equipment, according to studies from analysts and telcos worldwide, account for more than half of telcos' total expenses for operating their wireless networks. Global warming (which, from the perspective of meteorological instrumentation, is indisputable) is a direct contributor to compound annual increases in wireless network costs. Ironically, as asserts, the act of cooling 4G LTE equipment alone may contribute as much as 2% to the entire global warming problem. The world's biggest exampleChina Mobile's breakdown of its annual capital and operational expenditures for maintaining one 3G base station.(Image: China Mobile), that country's state-licensed service provider, examined the high costs of maintaining energy-inefficient equipment in its 3G wireless network, which happens to be the largest on the planet in both territory and customers served.
In 2012, CM estimated its network had consumed 14 billion kilowatt-hours (kWh) of electricity annually. As much as 46% of the electricity consumed by each base station, it estimated, was devoted to air conditioning.That study proposed a new method of constructing, deploying, and managing network base stations.
Called Cloud architecture RAN (C-RAN), it's a method of building, distributing, and maintaining transmitter antennas that history will record as having triggered the entire 5G movement.Read also:One of the hallmarks of C-RAN cell site architecture is the total elimination of the on-site base band unit (BBU) processors, which were typically co-located with the site's radio head. That functionality is instead virtualized and moved to a centralized cloud platform, for which multiple BBUs' control systems share tenancy, in what's called the baseband pool. The cloud data center is powered and cooled independently, and linked to each of the base stations by no greater than 40km of fiber optic cable.An Ericsson 5G transmitter used in NTT DOCOMO's Japan trials.(Image: Ericsson)Moving BBU processing to the cloud eliminates an entire base transmission system (BTS) equipment room from the base station (BS). It also completely abolishes the principal source of heat generation inside the BS, making it feasible for much, if not all, of the remaining equipment to be cooled passively - literally, by exposure to the open air. The configuration of that equipment could then be optimized, like the 5G trial transmitter shown above, constructed by Ericsson for Japan's NTT DOCOMO. The goal for this optimization is to reduce a single site's power consumption by over 75%.What's more, it takes less money to rent the site for a smaller base station than for a large one. Granted, China may have a unique concept of the real estate market compared to other countries.
Nevertheless, China Mobile's figures show that rental fees with C-RAN were reduced by over 71%, contributing to a total operational expenditure (OpEx) reduction for the entire base station site of 53%.Keep in mind, though, that China Mobile's figures pertained to deploying and maintaining 3G equipment, not 5G. But the new standards for transmission and network access, called 5G New Radio (5G NR), are being designed with C-RAN ideals in mind, so that the equipment never generates enough heat to trip that wire, requiring OpEx to effectively quadruple.Must read.The new cloud at the new edgeIt would appear a lot of the success of 5G rests upon this new class of cloud data centers, into which the functionality of today's baseband units would move. As of now, there is still considerable uncertainty as to where this centralized RAN controller would reside. There are competing definitions.Some have taken a good look at sprouting adjacent to today's cell towers, and are suggesting that the new Service Oriented Core (SOC) could be distributed across those locations.
Yet skeptics are wondering, why bother with the elimination of the BTS station in the first place, if the SOC would only put it back? Alternately, a separate SOC station could be established that services dozens of towers simultaneously. The problem there, obviously, is that such a station would be a full-fledged data center in itself, which would have real estate and cooling issues of its own.Either option might be more palatable, some engineers believe, if the servers operating there could delegate computing infrastructure among internal operations and special customer services - edge computing services that could compete with cloud providers such as Amazon and Microsoft Azure, by leveraging much lower latency.
5g Pdf 2018
The ability to do so is entirely dependent upon a concept called network slicing. This is the subdivision of physical infrastructure into virtual platforms, using a technique perfected by telecommunications companies called.Also: The dicey subject of slicingOne scenario mobile operators envision for 5G network slicing.(Image: Next Generation Mobile Networks Alliance)Exactly what routes these network slices would take through the infrastructure is completely up in the air.
T-Mobile and others have suggested slices could - for instance,. Featured.The not-so-mobile proposition'These connections are expected to be going into devices in factories, transportation, and the grid,' said Koratala. 'So the range of applications means a huge diversification of performance and requirements for communication. Then there are some use cases that might be demanding a 5x improvement in latency, a 100x or 1000x data volume, as well as extending battery life. So when you look at that set of requirements, it's very clear that it is not a single use case. It really becomes an enabler for a wide variety of use cases, that will have different requirements to be met to make them viable.'
The key mission of mMTC is to service wireless devices that don't move. Its transmission scheme will be tuned for very high density - for situations like factory floors where thousands of individual mechanical elements are sending operational data, simultaneously, to an off-site location for instant analytics.Read also:Viewed in this light, the prediction that nine-tenths of mobile data will be consumed by the largest class of mobile devices, seems about as spot-on as a forecast that rain will continue to be wet. What is completely unpredictable at this point is whether a fixed wireless use case will be competitive in an environment where wired broadband is also undergoing a revolution.Must read.Exchanging yesterday's new technology for today'sYou will hear from many sources that 5G is, but rather what it enables you to do. No, it isn't.
5G is about the things in which the telecom industry, and to a growing extent the data center networking industry, must invest in order to produce the latest editions of platforms such as V2X and mMTC, so that it can start earning revenue from those services. 5G is all about what it is.If you end up watching smoothly streaming 4K video on a new class of smartphone, allowing yourself to be ferried between cities in an otherwise unoccupied vehicle, or participate in a virtual, real-time football tournament with a few dozen goggle-wearers scattered throughout the planet, then you will be fulfilling the hopes of telco engineers who hope to make 5G viable. The truth is, none of these consumer technologies are the real reason 5G is being engineered. Indeed, they are the side benefits. The big gambleThree experimental AT&T cell tower designs for desert deployment. (Yes, they're right in front of you.)(Image: AT&T)5G is a collective bargain between the telecommunications industry and society. To allow for anything close to evenly distributed coverage over a metropolitan area, the base stations containing the transmitters and receivers (the 'cells') must be smaller, much lower in power, and much greater in number than they are today.
Essentially, the new cell towers must co-exist with the environment. An outdoor photograph taken in any direction will be just as likely to include a 5G tower as not. (The example above, provided by AT&T, includes three.)Read also:It would not be unprecedented in history. We've borne telephone and electric poles through our neighborhoods and, not all that long ago, willingly installed TV aerials the size of kites on our chimneys. Some of us still use their old mounting posts for our satellite dishes. In exchange for the hopefully minor blemish on our landscapes that 5G may bring, many would wave a cheerful good-bye to dead spots.All these things must happen, and in relatively quick succession, in order for telcos to afford the infrastructural overhaul they now have no choice but to make.
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